Curriculum Version 2.0

Slide 5 – Chemical Soil Amendments

Reference:

• Doran, G., Sheridan, F., Delappe, N., O’Hare, C., Anderson, W., Corbett-Feeney, G., & Cormican, M. (2005). Salmonella enterica Serovar Kedougou Contamination of Commercially Grown Mushrooms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 51(1), 73–76.

Slide 6 – Biological Soil Amendments: Vegetative Waste

Resource:

• Wilson, C.R., Feucht, J.R., & Hammond, E. (2020, August). Composting Yard Waste. Colorado State University Extension.

Slide 7 – Biological Soil Amendments: Human Origin

Resources:

• Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, Subpart D—Pathogens and Vector Attraction Reduction, 40 CFR. §503 (2015).
• EPA. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Basic information about Sewage Sludge and Biosolids.
• EPA. (2024, April). Requirements for Application of Domestic Septage to Agricultural Land Utilizing Alkali Addition.
• EPA. (2024, April). Requirements for Application of Domestic Septage to Agricultural Land Utilizing Injection or Incorporation.
• Sludge News. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Branded Products Containing Sewage Sludge. 

Slide 11 – Untreated BSAAO = Higher Risk

References:

• Jiang, X., Morgan, J., & Doyle, M.P. (2002). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Manure‐ Amended Soil. App Environ Micro, 68(5), 2605–2609.
• Ingram, D., & Millner, P. (2007). Factors Affecting Compost Tea as a Potential Source of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on Fresh Produce. J Food Prot, 70(4), 828–834.
• Kim, J., Shepherd, J., Marion, W., & Jiang, X. (2009). Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Factors on Pathogen Regrowth in Compost Extract. Micro Ecology, 58(3), 498–508. 

Slide 12 – Untreated BSAAO: Contact and Timing

References:

• National Organic Program. (2011), Subpart C – Organic Production and Handling Requirements, 7 CFR 205, § 205.203(c)(1)(ii and iii).
• Harris, L.J., Berry, E.D., Blessington, T., Erickson, M., Jay-Russel, l.M., Jiang, X., Killinger, K., Michel, F.C., Millner, P., Schneider, K., Sharma, M., Suslow, T.V., Wang, L., & Worobo, R.W. (2013). A Framework for Developing Research Protocols for Evaluation of Microbial Hazards and Controls During Production That Pertain to the Application of Untreated Soil Amendments of Animal Origin on Land Used to Grow Produce That May Be Consumed Raw. J Food Prot, 76(6), 1062–1084. 
   

Slide 13 – Treated BSAAO = Lower Risk

References:

• Renter, D.G., & Sargeant, J.M. (2002). Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Epidemiology and Ecology in Bovine Production Environments. Anim Health Res Rev, 3(02), 83–94.
• Weil, J.D., Beelman, R.B., Cutter, C.N., & LaBorde, L.F. (2013). Inactivation of Human Pathogens During Phase II Composting of Manure-Based Mushroom Growth Substrate. J Food Prot, 76(8), 1393–1400.
• Jiang, X., & Shepherd, M. (2009). The Role of Manure and Compost in Produce Safety. Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce, 143–166.
• Brinton, W.F., Storms, P., & Blewett, T.C. (2009). Occurrence and Levels of Fecal Indicators and Pathogenic Bacteria in Market‐Ready Recycled Organic Matter Composts. J Food Prot, 72(2), 332–339.
• Eamens, G.J., Dorahy, C.J., Muirhead, L., Enman, B., Pengelly, P., Barchia, I.M., Gonsalves, J.R., & Cooper, K. (2011). Bacterial Survival Studies to Assess the Efficacy of Static Pile Composting and Above Ground Burial for Disposal of Bovine Carcasses. J Appl Micro, 110(6), 1402–1413. 

Slide 16 – BSAAO Treated Under Standard B: Composting

Resources:

• Cornell University. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Cornell Waste Management Institute.
• Rynk, R., van de Kemp, M., Wilson, G.B., Singley, M.E., Richard, T.L., Kolega, J.J., Gouin, F.R., Laliberty, L., Kay, D., Murphy, D.W., Hoitink, H.A.J., & Brinton, W. (1992). On Farm Composting Handbook (NRAES-54).
• Frankenfield, A. & Grantham, A. (2025, September 8). Compost: How to make it and how much to use. Penn State Extension.
• Topoloff, A. (2015, July 1). A Resource Guide for Beginning Farmers. Module 2: Composting. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
• USDA. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Field Office Technical Guide.
• EPA. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Biosolids Technology Factsheet. 

Slide 17 – BSAAO Example: Animal Manure

Resources:

• Koehler, B., Lazarus, B., & Meland, W. What’s Manure Worth? Calculator. University of Minnesota Extension.
• Koelsch, R., & Wiederholt, R. (2015). Reviewed 2022. Environmental Benefits of Manure Application.
• Cornell University. Cornell Waste Management Institute. 

References:

• Tully, K.L. & McAskill, C. (2020). Promoting Soil Health in Organically Managed Systems: A Review. Org Agr, 10(3), 339–358.
• Buchko, S.J., Holley, R.A., Olson, W.O., Gannon, V.P.J., & Veira, D.M. (2000). The Effect of Different Grain Diets on Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 By Steers. J Food Prot, 63(11), 1467–1474.
• LeJeune, J., & Kauffman, M.D. (2005). Effect of Sand and Sawdust Bedding Materials on the Fecal Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in Dairy Cows. App Environ Micro, 71(1), 326–330.
• Doyle, M.P., & Erickson, M.C. (2006). Reducing the Carriage of Foodborne Pathogens in Livestock and Poultry. Poult Sci, 85(6), 960–973.
• Langholz, J.A., & Jay-Russell, M.T. (2013). Potential role of wildlife in pathogenic contamination of fresh produce. Hum Wildl Interact, 7(1), 140–157.

Slide 18 – Minimizing Risks from Untreated Manure: Pathogen Die-Off

References:

• Jiang, X., Morgan, J., & Doyle, M.P. (2002). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Manure‐ Amended Soil. App Environ Micro, 68(5), 2605–2609.
• Poulin, A., Hutchinson, M., Dube, M., Stokes, M., Mitchell, S., Edwards, A., Harvey, K., Myer, A., & Causey, R. (2018). Abatement of Streptococcus equi in Soiled Equine Bedding and Compost. J Equine Vet Sci, 70, 117–112.
• Litt, P.K., Kelly, A., Omar, A., Johnson. G., Vinyard, B.T., Kniel, K.E., & Sharma, M. Temporal and Agricultural Factors Influence Escherichia coli Survival in Soil and Transfer to Cucumbers. (2021).  Appl Environ Microbiol, 87(7). e02418–20.

Slide 19 – BSAAO Example: Agricultural Tea

References:

• Pettinelli, D. (Accessed 2026, April 22). Compost Tea. UConn Soil Nutrient Analysis Laboratory.
• Hamilton, A.M., Strawn, L.K., Danyluk, M.D., Clements, D., Ingram, D.T., & Mitchell, B. (2022, March 10). Key Takeaways: “Safe–Tea: Brewing and Using Agricultural Teas Safely”. CONTACT.

Slide 20 – BSAAO Example: Vermicompost

References:

• Swati, A., & Hait, S. (2018). A comprehensive Review of the Fate of Pathogens During Vermicomposting of Organic Wastes. J Environ Qual, 47(1), 16–29.
• Pathma, J., & Sakthivel, N. (2012). Microbial Diversity of Vermicompost Bacteria that Exhibit Useful Agricultural Traits and Waste Management Potential. SpringerPlus, 1(26). 

Slide 27 – Soil Amendment Storage

Resource:

• Strawn, L.K., Fortes, E.D., Bihn, E.A., Nightingale, K.K., Gröhn, Y.T., Worobo, R.W., Wiedmann, M., & Bergholz, P.W. (2013). Landscape and Meteorological Factors Affecting Prevalence of Three Food-Borne Pathogens in Fruit and Vegetable Farms. Appl Environ Micro, 79(2), 588–600.

Slide 29 – Required Records for Treated BSAAO

Resource:

• PSA. (2022, October 13). FSMA Produce Safety Rule: Documentation Requirements for Commercial Soil Amendment Suppliers.