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  • Department of Global Development
  • Climate Change
  • Food
  • Global Development
Environmental, social and economic crises – such as biodiversity loss, water and food insecurity, health risks and climate change – are all interconnected. They interact, cascade and compound each other in ways that make separate efforts to address them ineffective and counterproductive.

A landmark new report, launched today by the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), offers decision-makers around the world the most ambitious scientific assessment ever undertaken of these complex interconnections. Mario Herrero, professor of global development in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), served as coordinating lead author of report’s chapter on solutions, and a drafting team member of the summary for policy makers and the synthesis.    

The Assessment Report on the Interlinkages Among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health – known as the Nexus Report – explores more than five dozen specific response options to maximize co-benefits across five ‘nexus elements’: biodiversity, water, food, health and climate change. The summary for policymakers is available now, and the full report will be available in early 2025. 

“While global food production has increased significantly over the past decades, it has come at a cost—biodiversity loss, health risks, higher water consumption, poorer water quality, and increased contributions to climate change,” said Herrero, who is also a Cornell Atkinson Scholar, Nancy and Peter Meinig Family Investigator in the Life Sciences, and director of Food Systems & Global Change at Cornell.

“If we fail to consider these interconnected challenges, solutions are likely to lead to unintended negative consequences," Herrero added. 

Approved on Monday by the 11th session of the IPBES Plenary, composed of representatives of the 147 Governments that are members of IPBES, the report is the product of three years of work by 165 leading international experts from 57 countries from all regions of the world. It finds that existing actions to address these challenges fail to tackle the complexity of interlinked problems and result in inconsistent governance.

The report states that biodiversity – the richness and variety of all life on Earth – is declining at every level from global to local, and across every region. These ongoing declines in nature, largely as a result of human activity, including climate change, have direct and dire impacts on food security and nutrition, water quality and availability, health and wellbeing outcomes, resilience to climate change and almost all of nature’s other contributions to people.

The authors present more than 70 of these ‘response options’ to help manage the nexus elements synergistically, representing 10 broad categories of action. These are a set of options that can be applicable in different contexts. Examples of these response options that have broadly positive impacts across nexus elements are: restoring carbon-rich ecosystems such as forests, soils, mangroves; managing biodiversity to reduce risk of diseases spreading from animals to humans; improving integrated landscape and seascape management; urban nature- based solutions; sustainable healthy diets; and supporting Indigenous food systems.

“There isn’t one perfect solution that will solve our global crises, but we do have options that tackle not only one crisis but several, interconnected crises,” Herrero said. “This report provides a clear road map for policy makers to collectively work towards just and sustainable futures.” 

A full version of the Nexus Report press release is available on the IPBES website. 

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