Jason Londo
Associate Professor, School of Integrative Plant Science Horticulture Section Cornell AgriTech
Jason joined the Horticulture Section faculty in January 2022 as an associate professor of fruit crop physiology and climate adaptation. Previously, he was a Research Geneticist with the USDA-ARS Grape Genetics Unit, located at Cornell AgriTech in Geneva, New York.
Interests
Fruit crop stress physiology and adaptation
Graft physiology and phenotypic plasticity
Comparative genetics and genomics
Recent Research
Research in the our lab focuses on understanding the interaction between climate stresses and genetic diversity in fruit crops, manifested as physiological optimization and adaptation. Major projects focus on field, greenhouse, and molecular approaches to studying physiology in apples and grapes. Topics include the transcriptomic and methylomic drivers of winter physiology, cold hardiness and dormancy, rootstock-scion physiological interaction, phenotypic plasticity and climate change resilience and optimization.
Extension and outreach
My extension program goals are to provide research driven-tools and information to the New York fruit crop industry focusing on adapting crops to climate-change-induced environmental stress. I work collaboratively with other faculty members, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and stakeholders to identify climate induced disorders, develop mitigation methods, and improve the resilience and sustainability of fruit crop production through applied research.
I manage the Cornell grapevine cold hardiness monitoring program and associated website. My current research is focusing on understanding aspects of winter hardiness and spring deacclimation in apples and grapes to identify the rootstocks and scion combinations that provide the greatest resistance to early winter warming conditions.
- Phenological diversity in wild and hybrid grapes (Vitis) from the USDA-ARS cold-hardy grape collection-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Gutierrez, B., Schwaninger, H., Meakem, V. et al. Sci Rep 11, 24292 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03783-x
- Multiple independent recombinations led to hermaphrodism in domesticated grapevine -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Zou, C., Massonnet, M., Minio, A., Patel, S., Llaca, V., Avi, K., Gouker, F.E., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Reisch, B., Fennell, A., Cantu, D., Sun, Q., Londo, J.P. 2021. Nature Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023548118.
- Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of climate-induced changes in grapevine leaf size and shape -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Mullins, J., Migicovsky, Z., Frank, M., Vanburen, R., Londo, J.P., Chitwood, D.H. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1639.
- Composite modeling of leaf shape across shoots discriminates Vitis species better than individual leaves -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Bryson, A.E., Brown, M.W., Mullins, J., Dong, W., Bahmani, K., Bornowski, N., Chiu, C., Engelgau, P., Gettings, B., Gomezcano, F., Gregory, L.M., Haber, A.C., Hoh, D., Jennings, E.E., Ji, Z., Kaur, P., Rafu Kenchanmane, S.K., Long, Y., Lotreck, S.G., Mathieu, D.T., Ranaweera, T., Ritter, E.J., Sadohara, R., Shrote, R.Z., Smith, K.E., Teresi, S.J., Venegas, J., Wang, H., Wilson, M.L., Tarrant, A.R., Frank, M.H., Migicovsky, Z., Kumar, J., Vanburen, R., Londo, J.P., Chitwood, D.H. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11404.
- Draft genome of the Native American cold hardy grapevine Vitis riparia Michx. 'Manitoba 37' -(Peer Reviewed Journal).
Patel, S., Robben, M., Fennell, A., Londo, J.P., Alahakoon, D., Villegas-Diaz, R., Swaminathan, P. 2020. Horticulture Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0316-2. - A key ‘foxy’ aroma gene is regulated by homology-induced promoter indels in the iconic juice grape ‘Concord’ -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Yang, Y., Cuenca, J., Wang, N., Liang, Z., Sun, H., Gutierrez, B.L., Xi, X., Arro, J., Wang, Y., Fan, P., Londo, J.P., Cousins, P., Li, S.. Fei, Z., Zhong, G. 2020. Horticulture Research. 7(67). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0304-6.
- Haplotyping the Vitis collinear core genome with rhAmpSeq improves marker transferability in a diverse genus-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Zou, C., Karn, A., Reisch, B., Nguyen, A., Sun, Y., Bao, Y., Campbell, M.S., Church, D., Williams, S., Xu, X., Ledbetter, C.A., Patel, S., Fennell, A., Glaubitz, J., Clark, M., Ware, D., Londo, J.P., Sun, Q., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2020. Haplotyping the Vitis collinear core genome with rhAmpSeq improves marker transferability in a diverse genus. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14280-1.
- X-ray phase contrast imaging of Vitis spp. buds reveals freezing pattern and correlation between volume and cold hardiness -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Kovaleski, A.P., Londo, J.P., Finkelstein, K. 2019. Scientific Reports. 9:14949. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51415-2.
- Characterizing grapevine (Vitis spp.) inflorescence architecture using X-ray imaging: implications for understanding cluster density -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Li, M., Klein, L.L., Duncan, K., Jiang, N., Londo, J.P., Miller, A.J., Topp, C.N. 2019. Journal of Experimental Botany. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz394.
- QTL analysis of leaf morphology indicates conserved shape loci in grapevine -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Demmings, E.M., Williams, B., Lee, C., Barba, P., Yang, S., Hwang, C., Reisch, B.I., Chitwood, D.H., Londo, J.P. 2019. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10:1373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01373.
- Tempo of gene regulation in wild and cultivated Vitis species shows coordination between cold deacclimation and budbreak -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Kovaleski, A.P., Londo, J.P. 2019. Plant Science. 287:110178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110178.
- From phenotyping to phenomics: Present and future approaches in grape trait analysis to inform grape gene function.
- Rootstock effects on scion phenotypes in a 'Chambourcin' experimental vineyard-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Migicovsky, Z., Harris, Z.H., Klein, L.L., Li, M., Mcdermaid, A., Chitwood, D.H., Fennell, A., Kovacs, L.G., Kwasniewski, M., Londo, J.P., Ma, Q., Miller, A. 2019. Horticulture Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0146-2
- Deconstructing cold hardiness: Supercooling ability and chilling requirements in the wild North American grapevine vitis riparia-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Kovaleski, A.P. 2019. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 25:276-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12389
- Kinetics of winter deacclimation in response to temperature determines dormancy status in grapevines (Vitis spp.)-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Kovaleski, A.P., Reisch, B.I., Londo, J.P. 2019. Journal of Experimental Botany. https://doi.org/10.1101/256362
- Topological data analysis as a morphometric method: using persistent homology to demarcate a leaf morphospace -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Li, M., An, H., Angelovici, R., Bagaza, C., Albert, B., Clark, L., Coneva, V., Donoghue, M., Edwards, E., Fajardo, D., Fang, H., Frank, M.H., Gallaher, T., Gebken, S., Hill, T., Jansky, S.H., Kaur, B., Klahs, P.C., Klein, L., Kuraparthy, V., Londo, J.P., Migicovsky, Z., Miller, A., Mohn, R., Myles, S., Otoni, W.C., Pires, J.C., Rieffer, E., Schmerler, S., Spriggs, E., Topp, C.N., Van Deynze, A., Zhang, K., Zhu, L., Zink, B.M., Chitwood, D.H. 2018. Frontiers in Plant Science. 9:553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00553.
- Persistent homology demarcates a leaf morphospace: towards discerning constraint from selection-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Li, M., An, H., Angelovici, R., Bagaza, C., Batushansky, A., Clark, L., Coneva, V., Donoghue, M., Edwards, E., Fajardo, D., Fang, H., Frank, M., Gallaher, T., Gebken, S., Hill, T.A., Jansky, S., Kaur, B., Klahs, P., Klein, L., Kuraparthy, V., Londo, J.P., Migicovsky, Z., Miller, A., Mohn, R., Myles, S., Otoni, W., Pires, J., Riffer, E., Schmerler, S., Spriggs, E., Topp, C.N., Van Deynze, A., Zhang, K., Zhu, L., Zink, B., Chitwood, D.H. 2018. Frontiers in Plant Science.
- High-throughput sequencing data clarify evolutionary relationships among North American Vitis species and improve identification in USDA Vitis germplasm collections-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Klein, L., Miller, A.J., Ciotir, C., Hyma, K., Migicovsky, Z., Uribe-Convers, S., Londo, J.P. 2018. American Journal of Botany. 105(2):215-226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1033
- Divergence in the transcriptional landscape between low temperature and freeze shock in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera) -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Kovaleski, A.P., Lillis, J.A. 2018. Divergence in the transcriptional landscape between low temperature and freeze shock in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Horticulture Research. 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-018-0020-7.
- High-throughput sequencing data clarify evolutionary relationships among North American Vitis species and improve identification in USDA Vitis germplasm collections-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Klein LL, Miller AJ, Ciotir C, Hyma K, Uribe-Convers S, Londo J. Am J Bot. 2018 Feb;105(2):215-226 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1033
- Water deficit severity during berry development alters timing of dormancy transitions in wine grape cultivar Malbec -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Shellie, K., Kovaleski, A., Londo, J.P. 2018. Scientia Horticulturae. 232:226-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.014.
- RNASeq-based genome annotation and identification of long-noncoding RNAs in the grapevine cultivar 'Riesling'-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Harris, Z., Kovacs, L., Londo, J.P. 2017. Biomed Central (BMC) Genomics. 18:937. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4346-6
- The first report of Grapevine red blotch virus in the National Vitis Germplasm Repositories. Petersen, S., Thompson, T., Londo, J.P., Wenping, Q. 2017. Plant Disease. 102(4):828. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1577-PDN
- An integrative AmpSeq platform for highly multiplexed marker-assisted pyramiding of grapevine powdery mildew resistance loci -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Fresnedo, J., Yang, S., Sun, Q., Cote, L., Schweitzer, P., Reisch, B., Ledbetter, C.A., Luby, J., Clark, M., Londo, J.P., Gadoury, D., Kozma, P., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2017. An integrative AmpSeq platform for highly multiplexed marker-assisted pyramiding of grapevine powdery mildew resistance loci. Molecular Breeding. 37(145). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-017-0739-0.
- Characterization of wild north american grapevine cold hardiness using differential thermal analysis-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Kovaleski, A.P. 2017. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. ajev.2016.16090. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2016.16090.
- Towards an open grapevine information system-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Adam-Blondon, A., Alaux, M., Pommier, C., Cantu, D., Cheng, Z., Cramer, G.R., Davies, C., Delrot, S., Deluc, L., Di Gaspero, G., Grimplet, J., Fennell, A., Londo, J.P., Kersey, P., Mattivi, F., Naithani, S., Neveu, P., Nikolski, M., Pezzotti, M., Reisch, B., Topfer, R., Vivier, M., Ware, D., Quesneville, H. 2016. Horticulture Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2016.56.
- Towards the elucidation of the cytoplasmic diversity of North American Grape Breeding Programs-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Fresnedo-Ramirez, J., Sun, Q., Hwang, C., Ledbetter, C.A., Ramming, D.W., Fennell, A., Walker, A., Luby, J., Clark, M., Londo, J.P., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Zhong, G., Reisch, B. 2016. . Molecular Breeding. 36:116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0538-z
- Assessment of freeze injury of grapevine green tissues in response to cultivars and a cryoprotectant product-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Centinari, M., Smith, M., Londo, J.P. 2016. HortScience. 51(7):856-860. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.51.7.856
- Latent developmental and evolutionary shapes embedded within the grapevine leaf-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Chitwood, D., Klein, L., O'Hanlon, R., Chacko, S., Greg, M., Kitchen, C., Miller, A., Londo, J.P. 2016. . New Phytologist. 210(1):343-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13754
- Grapevine winter survival and prospects in an age of changing climate. Londo, J.P., Martinson, T. 2016. Appellation Cornell. Research Focus 2016-1: Cornell Viticulture & Enology pp 1-7.
- Climate and developmental plasticity: interannual variability in grapevine leaf morphology-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Chitwood, D.H., Rundell, S.M., Li, D.Y., Woodford, Q.L., Yu, T.T., Lopez, J.R., Kang, J., Londo, J.P. 2016. Plant Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/030957.
- Next generation mapping of enological traits in an F2 interspecific grapevine hybrid family-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Yang, S., Fresnedo, J., Sun, Q., Manns, D., Sacks, G., Awale, M., Mansfield, A., Luby, J., Londo, J.P., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Fennell, A. 2016. PLoS One. 11(3):e0149560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149560
- A next-generation marker genotyping platform (AmpSeq) in heterozygous crops: a case study for marker assisted selection in grapevine-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Yang, S., Fresnedo, J., Wang, M., Cote, L., Bogdanowicz, S., Schweitzer, P., Barba, P., Takacs, E., Clark, M., Luby, J., Manns, D., Sacks, G., Mansfield, A., Londo, J.P., Fennel, A., Gadoury, D., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Sun, Q. 2016. Horticulture Research. 3:16002.https://doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2016.2.
- Leaves as composites of latent developmental and evolutionary shapes-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Chitwood, D., Klein, L., Miller, A., Londo, J.P. 2016. New Phytologist. 210(1):343-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13754
- Rootstocks: diversity, domestication and impacts on shoot phenotypes. Warschefsky, E., Bishop-Von Wettberg, E., Chitwood, D., Frank, M., Klein, L., Londo, J.P., Miller, A. 2015. Trends in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.008.
- A Phocus on Phenotyping: opportunities and challenges in local and centralized trait evaluation from the VitisGen experience-(Abstract Only). Cadle Davidson, L.E., Sacks, G., Fennell, A., Gadoury, D., Sun, Q., Schweitzer, P., Londo, J.P., Ledbetter, C.A., Clark, M., Luby, J., Hemstad, P., Hegeman, A., Teh, S., Manns, D., Barba, P., Hwang, C., Sapkota, S., Chen, L., Fresnedo, J., Yang, S., Takacs, E., Reisch, B. 2016. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiv/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/18722.
- A next-generation marker genotyping platform (AmpSeq) in heterozygous crops: A case study for marker assisted selection in grapevine -(Abstract Only). Yang, S., Fresnedo, J., Wang, M., Cote, L., Schweitzer, P., Barba, P., Takacs, E., Clark, M., Luby, J., Manns, D., Sacks, G., Mansfield, A., Londo, J.P., Fennell, A., Gadoury, D., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Sun, Q. 2016. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiv/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/18715
- Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance(SIDR): Indirect effects of low temperatures on host-pathogen interactions and disease progress in the grapevine powdery mildew pathosystem -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Moyer, M., Londo, J.P., Gadoury, D., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2015. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2:5-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0745-1.
- Heterozygous mapping strategy (HetMapps)for high resolution genotyping-by-sequencing markers: a case study in grapevine -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Hyma, K., Barba, P., Wang, M., Londo, J.P., Acharya, C., Mitchell, S., Sun, Q., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2015. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134880
- Population structure of Vitis rupestris, an important resource for viticulture-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Pap, D., Miller, A., Londo, J.P., Kovacs, L. 2015. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 66:403-410. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2015.15012
- Benefits of transgenic insect resistance in Brassica hybrids under selection-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Sagers, C., Londo, J.P., Bautista, N., Lee, E.H., King, G., Watrud, L. 2015. Journal of Agronomy. 5(1):21-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy5010021
- Geographic trend of bud hardiness response in Vitis riparia -(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Martinson, T. 2015. Acta Horticulturae. (ISHS) 1082:299-304. https://doi.org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.2015.1082.41
- An update on VitisGen: recent advances in using DNA marker technologies in U.S. grape breeding programs-(Abstract Only). Cadle Davidson, L.E., Reisch, B., Sun, Q., Schweitzer, P., Londo, J.P., Ledbetter, C.A., Luby, J., Hemstad, P., Hegeman, A., Teh, S., Manns, D., Barba, P., Hyma, K., Lillis, J.A., Fresnedo, J., Yang, S., Takacs, E. 2015. Annual International Plant & Animal Genome Conference. W419: 14264. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiii/webprogram/Paper14264.html
- VitisGen on the road: mapping the way to the next generation of grapes -(Abstract Only). Yang, S., Fresnedo, J., Takacs, E., Barba, P., Hyma, K., Lillis, J.A., Acharya, C., Fisher, A., Cote, L., Manns, D., Ryona, I., Gadoury, D., Seem, B., Sacks, G., Mansfield, A., Ledbetter, C.A., Luby, J., Hemstad, P., Fennell, A., Hwang, C., Walker, A., Riaz, S., Cousins, P., Londo, J.P., Buckler Iv, E.S., Mitchell, S., Schweitzer, P., Sun, Q., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Reisch, B. 2015. Annual International Plant & Animal Genome Conference. P0873: 15597. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiii/webprogram/Paper15597.html
- Fast and robust generation of high-resolution genetic maps in grapevine interspecific hybrid half-sib families using the HetMappS pipeline and R/qtl-(Abstract Only). Barba, P., Hyma, K., Wang, M., Londo, J.P., Acharya, C., Mitchell, S., Sun, Q., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2015. Annual International Plant & Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiii/webprogram/Paper16155.html
- HetMappsS: Heterozygous mapping strategy for high resolution Genotyping-by-Sequencing Markers-(Abstract Only). Hyma, K., Barba, P., Wang, M., Londo, J.P., Hare, M., Acharya, C., Mitchell, S., Sun, Q., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2015. Annual International Plant & Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA. https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxiii/webprogram/Paper14219.html
- Genome-wide identification of WRKY family genes and their response to cold stress in Vitis vinifera-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Wang, L., Zhu, W., Fang, L., Sun, X., Su, L., Wang, N., Liang, Z., Londo, J.P., Li, S., Xin, H. 2014. Biomed Central (BMC) Plant Biology. 14(1):103. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-103
- Sub-lethal glyphosate exposure increases outcrossing potential in Brassica spp. by altering flowering phenology and causing transient male-sterility-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Mckinney, J., Schwartz, M., Bollman, M., Sagers, C., Watrud, L. 2014. Biomed Central (BMC) Plant Biology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-70.
- Evaluating wild grapevine germplasm with genotyping-by-sequencing methods for conservation, preservation, genetics and breeding-(Abstract Only).
- Agricultural biodiversity in the post-genomics era-(Abstract Only). Hyma, K., Londo, J.P., Barba, P., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Sun, Q., Acharya, C., Mitchell, S. 2014. 2nd Annual World Congress of Biodiversity, Ecology and the Environment, Nanjing, China.
- Genetic and protein sequence variation of CBF1-4 in cold hardy wild grapevine germplasm-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Garris, A. 2014. Vitis. 53(4):201-206. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2014.53.201-206
- Variation in winter survival mechanisms in cultivated and wild grapevine-(Abstract Only).
- VitisGen: A coordinated effort in grapevine genotyping, phenotyping, and marker assisted breeding.-(Abstract Only). Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E., Londo, J.P., Takacs, E., Hyma, K., Sun, Q., Barba, P., Fennell, A. 2014. International Symposium of Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology, Serena, Chile.
- Comparative transcriptomics of wild North American Vitis species-(Abstract Only).
- Genetic and protein sequence variation of CBF1-4 in cold hardy wild grapevine germplasm-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Garris, A. 2014. Vitis. 53(4):201-206. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2014.53.201-206
- Variation in the chilling requirement and bud burst rate of wild Vitis species-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Londo, J.P., Johnson, L.M. 2014. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 160: 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.12.012
- Genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of Vitis amurensis in response to cold stress-(Peer Reviewed Journal). Xin, H., Zhu, W., Wang, L., Xiang, Y., Fang, L., Li, J., Sun, X., Wang, N., Londo, J.P., Li, S. 2013. PLoS One. 8(3):e58740. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058740
- VitisGen: accelerating grape cultivar improvement-(Abstract Only). Hyma, K., Sun, Q., Mitchell, S., Acharya, C., Londo, J.P., Cousins, P., Fennell, A., Hwang, C., Lu, J., Luby, J., Ramming, D.W., Reisch, B., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2013. Annual International Plant & Animal Genome Conference, San Diego, CA.
Contact Information
Hedrick Hall 108
635 W. North Street
Geneva, NY 14456
jpl275 [at] cornell.edu
Education:
- Ph.D., Plant Biology. Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri. 2006
- B.S., Molecular Biology. Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne, Florida. 2000
More information:
- Ph.D., Plant Biology. Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, Missouri. 2006
Jason in the news
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Academic focus: Fruit crop physiology and climate adaptation Research summary: I study how environmental stresses such as temperature, water availability and soil chemistry impact apple and grapevine physiological performance. The key to climate...
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