I am interested in the cellular basis of behavior, and particularly in the role of intrinsic electrical excitability as defined by ion channels in shaping the functional properties of neuroendocrine cells. I am interested in modulation and regulation of ion channel expression by behavioral stress, and by steroid hormones, including sex steroids and stress steroids. I am interested more broadly in the ecological and evolutionary significance of plasticity, and heterogeneity in behavioral neuroendocrinology across age, sex, and species of animals.